Interchangeable Manufacturing

Interchangeable Manufacturing and Technical Drawings Until the 1700-1800’s industrial productions was like custom fitting sections in a product. Assembly would consist of craftsman hand filing and grinding roughly shaped parts and putting them together. The invention of interchangeable parts allowed the assembly of products to be done a lot quicker, and without training of a craftsperson. To be able to make the parts there had to be improvements to the technology in the machine had to be made.This led to a mass production of different products such as, cars, appliances, electronics etc. The products can be made in larger numbers then if each one needed to be hand made. With the development of interchangeable manufacturing, technical drawings have become a very important part of the process. Before interchangeable parts were developed the manufacturer would create a part that worked or fit the machine and just kept producing that part.A technical drawing done by draftsmen conta ining known symbols and labels that when sent to the manufacturer they could interpret them and send back a finished product the drafter wanted. Most technical drawings used are simple wire frame views showing the information for production. Technical illustrations are a set of more complex drawings; they contain coloured sections reveling the operating mechanics. Technical drawings are used to convey ideas to others. There function is to communicate descriptions specifications, and instructions to the manufacturer.This is so the three dimensional objects and systems can be made and assembled correctly. The technical drawing shows many important elements that are needed and how they are assembled. They are also made to show each part of the product and the instructions needed. Technical drawings are an essential process of the interchangeable parts assembly. They help the manufacturer know what specifications are required for the product. Without the drawings the assembly would not be able to run as efficiently as it does today.

Legalizing Recreational Drugs

A recreational drug is categorized as any substance with pharmacologic effects that is either taken voluntarily for personal pleasure, or for satisfaction rather than for medicinal purposes such as cocaine, marijuana, or ecstasy. These types of drugs are easily found and are used by more than 22 million Americans ages 12 and older; nearly nine percent of the U. S. population. If these types of drugs were to be made legal, a positive change in the economy would be the ultimate outcome.In 1961, the United Nations implemented an international treaty that limited drug roduction and trafficking. The â€Å"war on drugs†, a term that was created by Richard Nixon a decade later, in reference to said treaty, has been going on for over fifty years now. The original objective of the â€Å"war on drugs† was to expel all recreational drugs from the country; making all of them illegal. However Just like prohibition in 1920, the establishment of these laws were to save the nation from the problems the substance(s) created.However, also like the prohibition of 1920, the laws only served o create and support organized crime and has done little to effect the public's usage of the substance(s). The U. S. currently has the highest incarceration rate in the world. The bulk of those imprisoned are due to drug-related crimes. The illegal drug trade has been introducing children and teens toa life of crime. They notice that the minimum wages they would legally receive from their unskilled labor at the local Burger King, is far from what they could earn buying and selling illegal drugs.By the time children nd teenagers leave high school, most of these students have committed a criminal act by using recreational drugs. These drugs are used every day and widely available, people see â€Å"breaking the law' as nothing more than playful mischief; therefore, undermining our laws authority. In contrast to the spiraling ineffectiveness of the U. S. government's original approac h to controlling the issue of recreational drugs, other countries like New Zealand and Ireland have taken on a new outlook on the matter.Instead of outlawing he use of recreational drugs, they have decided to do extensive research on these drugs, in effect making sure that they are safe for the public's consumption. They are conducting clinical tests to prove that their products are safe; Just like new medicine would be tested in the market. If our government would go along with this new radical movement and legalized recreational drugs, like these other countries, they would no longer have a â€Å"war on drugs†. The money spent on inmates in Jails would be greatly reduced since we are not arresting people for drug use.Police can use the time currently monopolized on getting drugs off the street for other, more pressing crimes. Schools could teach their students about wise drug usage instead of implementing scare tactics. Tactics such as videos and statistics about drug abuse and its consequences that will only tell you to never purchase or use them are simply in effective; that Just leads to ignorant abuse in the future. All legalized drugs can be sold by trust worthy companies instead of fellow schoolmates or sketchy street dealers.These drugs can be bought legally, by someone of government consented age, in proper packages witn appropriate warning labels; similar to the way that cigarettes and alcohol are. In conclusion, legalizing recreational drugs goes far beyond â€Å"right and wrong† if you look at the issue in a practical manner. The problem of illegal recreational drugs has only been increasing with time. The current policies in place are Just not working. A new, radical approach could be the ultimate solution to the U. S. government's uphill battle. After all, the legalizing has already begun, hasn't it?

Sup Wumpy

Prompt 2: According to the slide show I have developed an interest in many different foods and would like to try all of them except for the cinnamon. Cinnamon kills people. Cinnamon is too small for the human body to swallow and when trying to do it you choke to death, hence the â€Å"cinnamon challenge. † Otherwise I have no interest in any of the other foods on that list. There is one food, however, that I absolutely adore. Back in the old days my family always loved to go out for dinner. No matter what, it was what always happened.In fact one time I went to Denny’s and got a free shirt and meal because I went there almost every day. Denny’s isn’t just a place to eat. For me it is a way of life. I’m not the only one either. Tons of friends love Denny’s as much as I and sometimes we party together at Denny’s. Every time I go I order a grandslamwich with a side of hash browns and lemonade. It all tastes so sweet and delicious and savor y that I almost never know when to stop eating. Sometimes when I order I just say the usual and everyone knows exactly what to get.It wasn’t always like that though. My dad, back in his youth, had always ordered me a grandslamwich even though I never liked it but after some time I grew attached to the mouthwatering treat. I would go to sleep every night with my window open and I would stare at the twinkling balls of light hiding up in the beautiful night sky†¦. wondering when the next encounter would happen†¦ the encounter with the restaurant of the gods. Now that I grow older and wiser, I realize that Denny’s does have some drawbacks.I assume that since Denny’s has no superior in the restaurant business, it cannot be all hugs and kisses, without even knowing anything about this I can prove it. Newton’s third Law States that â€Å"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. † Therefore Denny’s cannot be simply amazing in every way. I did some research on this subject and found out that a grandslamwich is about 1500 calories. This is about the size of three big macs. That explains a lot since a big mac basically bows down at the feet of the almighty GRANDSLAMWICH!!!No matter what a grandslamwich will always be my favorite food. Prompt 4: Potato starch contains resistant starch,  and may be helpful in preventing colon cancer. According to this article, the potato actually has a very large effect on cancer, which I had assumed that it did. Potatoes are a staple in diets all over the world and it seems that they can even help prevent cancer! This is a very logical fact. Potatoes are as old as time itself and are especially important in the diet of the average American diet.If potatoes caused cancer a lot more people would be dead than just those who have already been unlucky enough to fall victim to this atrocity of diseases. Who ever thought about writing an article about this was a very deep thinker to a sk whether or not potatoes of all things cause cancer. This was very interesting nevertheless even though I had started out expecting it to be terribly and agonizingly boring. Also if potatoes had vitamins in them (or whatever) that caused cancer, wouldn’t they be cooked out like the alcoholic content in cooking or even the vitamins that help prevent it?In the great words of Biff â€Å"C’mon think McFly think! † (If you don’t get the reference you are dead to me. ) There is a reason that potatoes help prevent cancer, the reason being Potato starch contains resistant starch. Resistant starch helps maintain healthy digestion and may be helpful in preventing colon cancer. Bacteria in the colon ferments resistant starches and produces short-chain fatty acids one of them being Butyrate. Butyrate also has anti-tumor effects because it seems to inhibit tumor cell development and causes tumor cell differentiation and cell death in colorectal cancer cells.

Management - Analyze your options with K-T analysis [sap22] Essay

Management - Analyze your options with K-T analysis [sap22] - Essay Example For more than 65 years, primary findings of research bring out: 3. Creative innovations employing probable scientific solutions external to the field in which they were developed. Greater application of K-T constitutes learning these repetitive patterns of problems-solutions, technical evolution patterns, scientific effects methods, and application of general K-patterns specific to the circumstances that force the developer. The attention of the management is significant in ensuring that workplace safety and health of employees stabilizes. However, Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) believe that troubles of many grocery stores gives a basis for providing solutions for protection of workers. The study objective is to establish the relationship between workplace activities and the development of back injuries and sprains. The problem viewed from the dimension of the employees takes care of their safety and health. The alternatives available to companies are to provide opportunities for workers to work in a protected environment. The K-T technique enables the grocery stores to value the quality of work from employees by investing on their health insurance and welfare (Ratner, 2010). The company can invest in ergonomics and product liability where inadequacies of products can be traced and repaired or reworked. Finally, employee safety can be harnessed and sustained by buyers who insist on minimum requirements and employee safety (Genrich, 2006). Through these alternatives, injury reduction will be reinforced by improvements in information and technology. There will be a greater enhancement of the relationship between workplace activities, back injuries and sprains. Inherent contradictions also referred as physical contradictions, are circumstances in which people or system suffers contradictory, opposite needs (Ratner, 2010). Daily examples include: The machines used in the grocery store should

Teaching Strategies for Students that are Mental Retarded Essay

Teaching Strategies for Students that are Mental Retarded - Essay Example The mutilation of students who are mentally disturbed in reading skills of comprehension display differences in accordance with their disability level. Many people do not see the possibility for such students (mentally retarded) to learn writing and reading skills. The problems of these students are evident in the dimension of reading comprehension. Appropriate methods of teaching have become suggested to help students conquer these difficulties. The major areas in which mentally retarded students experience difficulties are finding the textual components in their reading and associating these components. The reasons for these difficulties as suggested include lack of repeating strategies, memory problems, short attention span and problem in transferring the leant work (Iskdogan & Kargin 3). Strategies One of the reading comprehension technique taught is story map. It is the representation of some section of or the entire story and how fundamental components of the story are linked t o each other in the form of graphics (graphical form). It is also a technique of constructing a schema, which involves teaching the relationships of sections of a story with each other to the person who reads, and providing the necessary components of the story in a schema so as to draw the attention of the individual who reads. The purpose of this method is help students build the story about the fundamentals of the story in their minds with no use of the visual material given as a story map after a certain time. The technique is also meant to improve thinking structures, which provide text comprehension. This method (story map) is effective in separating the information which is significant and insignificant in the story, providing active participation, activating foreknowledge, predicting, directing students, and transferring data into long term memory (Iskdogan & Kargin 4). The didactic approach is another strategy of teaching. This is based on games and exercises. Modern commun ities of researching and teaching agree that learning is effective, despite the philosophy or educational model used, when students get involved in games and exercises. In accordance with the socio-cultural theory, learning is majorly a social process. The most effective practices of education should be constructed upon all the ways in which people are specifically gifted at getting information kinds and causal patterns. Games and exercises are all about interactions with other persons. The interactions of the mentally disturbed students with each other will help them understand and improve their relations with others, and also learn from them. Children acquire most of their knowledge through others, and that knowledge occurs outside school settings such as museums, toys, televisions and other artifacts, or even different games activities like playing soccer, doing athletics, and playing chess (Reis et al 3). Traditionally, the main learning form has been the known teacher directed learning or guided learning. This is where the teacher or trainer makes all the appropriate decisions and the student follows him or her. In such a model of learning, the teacher decides about the learning goals, the strategies of learning, ways of measuring outcomes, and deals with judgment, results and feedback. The other two types of learning experiences are experiential and action learning. Serious awareness have become made on the benefits of new

Nestl Tries for an All-for-One Global Strategy Case Study

Nestl Tries for an All-for-One Global Strategy - Case Study Example Decentralisation could best apply in different situations, but as organizations grow and establish more branches in different areas, numerous problems arise. Establishing individual organizations could need a lot of infrastructures, and capital to conduct operations in any decentralized system.   For Nestle, the decentralized strategy had created inefficiencies and accrued extra costs, which hindered the company from fully realizing its profits and competing through electronic commerce (â€Å"Nestlà © Struggles,† itu.edu). From this, the company was exposing itself to potential external threats, such as its shared global suppliers, and competitors. Even with the huge investment on numerous computer and information system resources, decentralization gave room for inefficiencies, more expenditure, inventory mismanagement, distributed decision making, operation complexity and data isolation that prevented data sharing, due to the differences in Information Systems, and lack of a standard platform. It was obvious that the company was not receiving the exact benefit that could come with information systems.   Due to the differences and challenging experiences in the global market, Nestle SA had to act towards business integration and consolidation, so as to allow standardization and coordination of its business processes and information systems (â€Å"Nestlà © Struggles,† prenhall.com). The company embarked on a global implementation of SAP R/3 ERP software, which intended to replace the SAP R/2 version that had been operating in most of the local organizations. Through the introduction of the software, the inefficiencies and accrued costs would be cutback, in the long run, to allow the company realize its full benefits.

The Shots of Goodfellas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Shots of Goodfellas - Essay Example Goodfellas does not glorify the gangster lifestyle like The Godfather. The framing of the short tracking shot from a three-shot to the two-shot is vital for the psychological state of mind of the audience that must be willing to accept the perhaps fictional assertion that the man through whose eyes the story will be told was not as bloodthirsty and violent as those around him. The movement away from directly including Henry in this show to bringing Tommy and Jimmy together is a distancing device that subtly creates a sense of audience participation with Henry’s character. At no point in the editing of the incredibly violent opening sequence of Goodfellas is Henry Hill ever included in the finishing off the murder of the man in the trunk. The audience has no way of knowing who this man is or what part he will play or why he was killed. For the audience can’t possibly know he was a completely innocent witness to a crime rather than a wiseguy himself. Because this is the o pening scene that essentially introduces the audience to the main characters it is imperative that Henry is not only never seen taking an active role in the murder, but is seen to react to Jimmy’s nod of the head to open the trunk in the first place as Jimmy is his boss. The reaction shots of Henry responding to the brutality before him rather than taking part also serves to further intensify audience participation in part because of the murderous glee with which Tommy kills and the quick sneer that appears on Jimmy’s face before he shoots the corpse.

Unit 2 Public Demand for Medical Care and Health Insurance in the Essay

Unit 2 Public Demand for Medical Care and Health Insurance in the United States - Essay Example This measure provides an indication of the magnitude of cause specific mortality in a population (National statistics, 2011). The measure, however, underestimates the prevalence of deaths within a given population. Unadjusted mortality rates among groups sometimes is misleading especially in a case where the age distributions of the population at risk are different. This misleading report highly affects the planning of healthcare and decision making due to underestimated mortality in a population (Danver, 2010). Chronic diseases that include heart diseases has been a major cause of deaths in this state. The disease had higher adjusted mortality rates than the national average (National statistics, 2011). According to CDC heart diseases had leading causes of deaths.84% of the deaths occurred to people aged 65 years and above while 43% of the deaths occurred to people aged 85 years and above. The age adjusted mortality 3.32 which is slightly higher than the national average which stand at 3.01 (Danver, 2010). The rate is higher due to the unhealthy lifestyles of the people of this state. To solve the problem many factors come into play, organizational factors like schools and faith based organizations to influence and support health behavior change, Community factors that involve self-initiated programs to live healthy and health policies that favorably influence prevention of chronic diseases (Bluelow, 2010). Search Engine - Web - Seivo Web Search Engine. (n.d.). Search Engine - Web - Seivo Web Search Engine. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from

What Causes Cancer Mutations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What Causes Cancer Mutations - Essay Example As genes are the basic control machine of the cells, alteration of any kind may bring devastating consequences, or malignancy. When compared with the normal cells, where damage of any kind is taken care by the repair system, tumor cells do not have any repair mechanism for the damaged DNA and there is a constant proliferation of cells without displaying senescence hence, generating a series of abnormal cells, with altered cellular pathways for uncontrolled proliferation, figuring malignant tumors (Alberts 2007; Katzang et al. 2009). The Genesis of a Cancer Cell A normal cell turns into a cancer cell because of one or more mutations in its DNA, which can be inherited or acquired. Mutation is sudden abrupt changes that occur in the genetic material i.e. the DNA of the cell. This genetic material is facilitated by various agents called mutagens. Mutagens can be either physical agents such as UV radiations, X-rays etc or they could be some chemical agents which are capable of producing c hanges in the cell by reacting with cellular macromolecules. These chemical agents form bond with the cellular macromolecules, thereby alter their normal structures. If they combine with the genetic material, the peptide formation is affected. Thus, these mutagenic agents affect the normal well being of the cell and when such a defective cell replicates the cellular modification is also passed on. These cellular alterations may lead to cancer, where the carcinogenic agents (cancer causing) are capable of altering the cell division leading to the uncontrolled proliferation of the cell (Alberts 2007; Chemical Carcinogens, Web.). In case of the breast cancer, woman who inherits a single defective copy of either of these tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 displays an augmented risk of developing breast cancer. However, carcinogenesis is a complex, multistage process, usually involving more than one genetic change. Other epigenetic factors responsible for carcinogenesis involve epige netic factors, such as level of hormones in the body, exposure to carcinogens and tumor promoting agents. These epigenetic factors do not produce cancer by themselves but enhances the likelihood of genetic mutation(s) resulting in cancer (Katzang et al. 2009). These genetic changes are categorized as - A. The activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes: Proto-oncogenes are the normal genes present in the cells and are responsible for controlling cell division, cell differentiation and apoptosis. A triggering factor such as a virus or exposure to any carcinogen brings malignant changes in the cell. B. The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: A cell has the mechanism to protect itself from uncontrolled proliferation and tumor formation due to expression of genes called tumor suppressor genes. These genes possess the ability to suppress malignant changes and are also referred as antioncogenes. Mutation in proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes results in the proliferation of tumor . Thus, a loss of function of tumor suppressor genes can be the critical event in carcinogenesis (Rang et al. 2007; Katzang 2009). More than 30 tumor suppressor genes as well as more than 100 dominant oncogenes have been found to be associated with various types of cancers (Rang et al. 2007). Characteristics of Cancer cells The genetic basis of cancer has been revealed through numerous animal models. The Cancer Genome Atlas aims at methodically differentiating the configurational source of cancer, through recognition of the genomic mutations linked with every cancer form. A corresponding progress and description forms the basis of understanding growth and external appearance of the cancer or tumor called the phenotype of the cancer, is essential for designing drugs that can

Workers Compensation in the State of Florida Research Paper

Workers Compensation in the State of Florida - Research Paper Example Workers are entitled to make claims in regards to injuries arising out of work while in the course of employment. These injuries may result in temporary total disability, permanent disability or permanent partial disability as well as death. To calculate benefit entitlements worker are divided into classes according to the type of duties they perform or job description. Each category has an average wage which is used in determining premiums paid by employer and in compensation (Justice Newsflash, 2010). Workers are entitled to claim benefits as a result of occupational diseases acquired at work due to use of harmful chemicals or other substances that may affect health. The employer is supposed to hire a certified medical practitioner or recommend a list of practitioners where injured employees can be medically examined. If established that indeed the employee suffered injury, the following benefits are payable:-Medical benefits whereby full medical benefits are given but after maximu m medical improvement, a $10 patient copayment is required for all medical services and non attendance to medical exams is fined 50% (Larson, 2003). Temporary total disablement are subject to social security and unemployment insurance and are calculated as % of workers wage subject to weekly maximum and payment is up to 104 weeks. Permanent total disability benefits are paid as long as disability continues and are subject to legal deductions while permanent partial disablement is % of weekly payments and has no minimum. Disfigurements such as facial or head are also payable.  

Dissertation Proposal Essay Example for Free

Dissertation Proposal Essay With the current day international business scenario being marked by severe competition, escalating inflation, different cost manufacturing locations, rapid technological transition and the surfacing of fresh markets in the developing economies, business firms view the realisation of economic and superior quality operational ability to be critical to the obtaining of international competitive superiority. Competitive advantage feel is achieved through the ability of utilising the particular faculties and chief capabilities of business firms and in swiftly responding to client needs and customer ideas, rather than from differentiating marketplace offerings or in accomplishing cost and quality control (Gerber Lankshear, 2000). Viewed in a broader angle, marketplace superiority comes about from the facility of the organisation to transform business abilities and manufacturing expertise into fundamental competencies that allow and empower corporations to bend, adjust and modify behaviour to exploit fresh business opportunities and dynamic conditions (Gerber Lankshear, 2000). Corporate leaderships are increasingly viewing the efficient utilisation of human resources to be fundamental to the accomplishment of business success (Kozlowski Others, 1997). As opposed to the long-established stress on technically empowering and concrete assets, such as factories and machinery, business leaders are evermore accepting that firms can obtain distinguishing strengths and capabilities through soft methods like robustly distinct and workforce empowering working environments, work oriented management systems, and well developed employee abilities (Kozlowski Others, 1997). Business superiority, experts argue, can be assisted and enhanced with a better skill employee force that allows firms to react to market needs concerning costs, quality, product features, and other issues. Much of the challenges faced by HRM practitioners arise from the evolution of workforce members, who in recent years have assumed vital roles in contemporary organisations that typically operate in fast globalising, technologically transforming, and essentially knowledge dominated environments. With employees being recognised as key to organisational success, the task of utilising their capabilities for furthering organisational goals has never been more complex and demanding (Kozlowski Others, 1997). The provisioning of training is considered to be essential for employee development. Whilst training has long been recognised as an important tool for improving employee ability and productivity, recent developments, more specifically the growth of the knowledge economy, technological advances, and sharply increased competition have reinforced its need for the achievement of competitive advantage, leading most progressive companies to develop and implement sophisticated training and retraining programmes for their employees. â€Å"The significance and value of training has long been recognized. Consider the popular and often repeated quotation, â€Å"Give a person a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a person to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. † This simple but profound saying is attributed to the wisdom of Confucius who lived in the 5th century BC. Given today’s business climate and the exponential growth in technology with its effect on the economy and society at large, the need for training is more pronounced than ever. † (Danziger Dunkle, 2005) Much of the training for new employees in the current environment consists of emphasising the importance of technology, motivating them to use it to their advantage, and making them conversant and familiar with new technologies like computers, websites, and online supply chain, sales and customer relationship management. 2. Aims and Objectives The Aims and Objectives of the proposal are thus finalised as follows: Aim: To investigate the effectiveness of training in motivating employees to learn and use modern technology Objectives: 1. To ascertain the organisational and individual benefits from imparting training to employees in areas of computers, Internet and online applications 2. To ascertain the modes of training used by companies to improve the knowledge and skills of their employees 3. To ascertain employee attitudes towards training 4. To investigate into the reasons for positive and negative employee attitudes towards new technology in areas of computers, Internet and on-line applications. 3. Literature Review The Importance of Training Management experts are in current times constantly emphasising on the importance of employee strength, calibre, and potential, for the achievement of business and profitability objectives. Marking a radical departure from the past when greater importance was placed on tangible assets like land, plant, and capital, modern managers think of employee strength to be the fundamental attribute of a business organisation (King, Others, 2001). Whilst management practitioners continue to be ambivalent towards the applicability of different HR theories like those espoused by the Harvard and Michigan schools, the Best Fit and Best Practice theories, and the Guest and Storey models, all experts are unanimous in their advocacy of the need for high quality training in today’s fast changing business scenario (King, Others, 2001). Training, in its most basic form can be labelled as an action that alters people’s behaviour. Whilst improvement of productivity is often termed the chief reason for imparting training, it is but one of its many advantages. Training is necessary not just for augmentation of productivity but also to inspire and encourage workers by informing them of the importance of their functions and empowering them to operate efficiently (Danziger Dunkle, 2005). â€Å"The general benefits available from training are listed below: †¢ increased job satisfaction and morale †¢ increased motivation †¢ increased efficiencies in processes, resulting in financial gain †¢ increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods †¢ increased innovation in strategies and products †¢ reduced employee turnover† (Danziger Dunkle, 2005) The fundamental aim of training is to help organisations in achieving their objectives by adding value to their key resource, namely their employees. Developing employee competencies, helping people to grow and fulfil greater responsibilities, and reducing the on-job learning time of employees, training provides immense benefits to both individuals and organisations and helps by developing individual, team, group, and organisational competencies, reducing learning costs, improving operational efficiencies and attracting superior talent (King, Others, 2001). It increases employee commitment, helps in managing change, leads to a positive organisational culture, and helps in increasing levels of customer service (King, Others, 2001). Much of the need for high quality and evolving training programmes arises from the needs of modern businesses to cope satisfactorily with changing customer needs, technological advances, introduction of new products, and evolution in working methods. The success of legendary companies like Toyota (in the automobile industry), the Ritz Carlton, (in the hospitality industry) and FedEx (in the courier business) is attributed in substantial part to the quality of their training programmes and their corporate commitment to training (Statt, 2000). With many companies paying lip service to training during boom times, only to slash training budgets at the first sign of economic downturn, training programmes, experts feel, need to be carried out consistently in order to be successful. Whilst satisfaction of training needs are far more important today than in the past because of competitive pressures for enhancement of employee efficiency, business productivity and competitive advantage, much of the training effort in modern day organisations is expended purely because of the need to keep old and new employees abreast of technological changes and developments (Statt, 2000). Technological change is now impacting every area of business life. Although rapid technological change in the past was associated with a few industries like automobiles, pharmaceuticals and computers, its impact today is far more pervasive and far-reaching, affecting a wide spectrum of manufacturing and services in businesses as diverse as hotels, restaurants, travel agents, call centres, banks, insurance companies, BPOs, and retail shops (Statt, 2000). For many small and medium businesses all over the world, technological and operational change has been driven by increasing use of computers, advances in software, and the Internet for online applications (Driscoll, 1999). Such is the pervasive nature of computers in today’s business environment that an employee workforce without competence in the area could severely restrict the operational capabilities and competitive advantage of business firms (Driscoll, 1999). This requirement has also created a need for training in computers and has moreover spawned a huge training industry. â€Å"Interest in Information Technology (IT) education grows daily due to the pervasive influence of computing and knowledge technologies. Knowledge options include training, formal education, certification, books, Internet, etc. indeed many show interest in training as more career opportunities crop up in IT. The flexibility provided by training is certainly a major factor in this regard. † (Awe, 2008) Training methods and barriers The scope and quality of workplace training in computing skills has expanded exponentially in the course of the last two decades. â€Å"Virtually all modern organizations accept that a well-trained workforce is a critical success factor. American organizations spend more than $62 billion per year on formal training of their employees. It is impossible to estimate the full costs of the additional informal training that occurs. Ability to use information and communication technologies (ICTs) is among the most important skills that many employees need. Yet there is more speculation than wellgrounded, factual knowledge about the kinds of training regarding work-related computing to which most employees are exposed. † (Danziger Dunkle, 2005) Very much a specialised function, organisational training is provided by trained in-house or external personnel. Whilst it is normal for large organisations to have their own training departments, most medium and small organisations handle their training requirements through external trainers. Training can also be distinguished on a number of facets, two of them being the degree to which there is interaction and collaboration with others and the extent of its formality. â€Å"Training for work-related computing comes in a variety of forms, ranging from formal, scheduled classroom instruction to spur-of-the-moment sessions with a co-worker to self-based trial and error efforts. Both organizations and individual workers make choices regarding the selection of training methods. † (Danziger Dunkle, 2005) Whilst there are various methods of training, they can be divided into two basic groups, cognitive and behavioural. Trainers, as such, need to take account of the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods, as also their impact on trainees keeping their previous background and skills in mind (King, Others, 2001). Cognitive methods are used to provide theoretical training; they are associated with achieving changes in knowledge and attitudes through the use of lectures, demonstrations, discussions, and computer based training (King, Others, 2001). Behavioural methods on the other hand are more suited for provisioning of practical training. Ideally suited for skill development the behavioural approach allows the trainee to behave as required through a combination of games, simulations, case studies, and role plays (King, Others, 2001). The method by which training is provided also depends upon the requirements of the organisation, the employees who are to be trained, and upon the activities and tasks that are involved (Wentland, 2003). The training method chosen should as such be structured to suit the target addressees, the substance, the business setting, and the training and education objective (Wentland, 2003). The optimum method should motivate trainees to become skilled, assist them to get ready for learning, allow the students to use and practice what they imbibe, help trainees absorb and pass on what they have come to know, and combine performance with other expertise (Wentland, 2003). Management Development Methods are more futuristic in nature and deal with education. Divided into two broad segments on-the-job and off-the-job, managerial abilities are developed through coaching, mentoring, job rotation, and job instruction techniques, (on-the-job), and sensitivity training, transactional analysis, and simulation (off-the-job) exercises (Wentland, 2003). A number of barriers to the imparting of appropriate and high quality training still remain, despite the widespread understanding of its need, as also its rapid evolution in recent years (Ndahi Gupta, 2000). Most such barriers arise from management attitudes and approaches, with some company leaderships still viewing training as an avoidable luxury. Training also suffers because of lack of suitable training provision, financial implications and the fear of work disruption (Ndahi Gupta, 2000). On occasions managements face training challenges because of lack of suitable courses, indecisiveness on whom to train, the lack of workers to fill up when employees go on training and similar other issues (Ndahi Gupta, 2000). 4. Methodological Approach Taking account of the aims and objectives of the research assignment, along with the information obtained in the course of the literature review, the research questions are determined as under: †¢ What are the benefits likely to accrue to companies and individuals from training programmes? †¢ What are the most important hurdles to successful imparting of training? †¢ How can barriers to training be overcome, especially in the context of modern skill requirements in areas of computers and the Internet? Whilst the review of literature has provided significant extant material on training issues in business, the dissertation also calls for analysis of primary information from actual responses and cross validating them with the inferences reached from the literature review. There being two broad methods for analysis of primary information, namely qualitative and quantitative, the actual methodological approach will depend upon the research situation, and the aims and objectives of the dissertation proposal. Quantitative methods are by and large used for research into the opinions and tastes of large populations and depend upon the use of tools like questionnaire based surveys, phone surveys, and email responses. There is little interaction between surveyors and respondents and corrective elements need to be built into the survey sheets and the statistical analysis methods. Qualitative methods are however used where the research is of a more subjective and interpretative nature and where answers are sought to â€Å"what†, â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† questions, and are thus more suitable for this dissertation (Darlington Scott, 2002). The advantages of qualitative research often prevail over the risk of missing the population or audience. â€Å"It has a lower cost, is faster, and has an opportunity for more in depth analysis† (Darlington Scott, 2002, p 27). It is also more realistic and creates superior privacy and accurateness. The research fashions an enhanced recognition of results and data from complete small populations can be obtained through its usage (Darlington Scott, 2002). It is proposed to get qualitative information from a company â€Å"X† based in Saudi Arabia. , engaged in the distribution of newspapers, journals, and magazines. Headquartered at Riyadh, the company has offices in a number of in other Saudi Arabian cities, and is a large employer. It is proposed to get questionnaire based information from 15 % of the firm’s employees and conduct a detailed one to one interview with the owner of the company. The questionnaires will also need to be designed with care incorporating cross validating questions to weed out contradictions.

Toxic Waste And Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Toxic Waste And Discrimination Essay The discrimination suffered by people of color goes as far as locating them to neighborhoods that are near toxic waste facilities. This is an important issue to address since the discrimination done in this sphere does not only affect difference in treatment per se. It affects the health and well-being of the individuals being discriminated against.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the 20th of the 1987 Toxic Wastes and Race report, the topic of disparity in treatment when it comes to locating people in neighborhoods was once again examined. The study proved that the discrimination, still exists, and in fact, has worsened as years passed by. According to the article by Bullard, Mohai, et.al., the study yielded the following results: People of color make up the majority (56%) of those living in neighborhoods within 3 kilometers (1.8 miles) of the nations commercial hazardous waste facilities[†¦] People of color make up a much larger majority (69%) in neighborhoods with clustered facilities. [†¦] 9 out of 10 EPA regions have racial disparities in the location of hazardous waste sites. Forty of 44 states (90%) with hazardous waste facilities have disproportionately high percentages of people of color in host neighborhoods [†¦] (2007) In summary, the research shows that â€Å"racial and socioeconomic disparities in the location of the nations hazardous waste facilities are geographically widespread throughout the country† and that race is still the one of the main factors in fixing the location in a neighborhood nearing toxic waste facilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was an attempt on the part of the government to alleviate this form of discrimination by conveying critiques on the way EPA disposes of environmental justice issues brought before them. The agency has also met defiance when it comes to proposals that it sought to implement. As reported by the article, the government has already suggested a cut on its budget due to the agency’s failure to review its policies and orders. However, as regards the last measure sought to be taken as regards the issue, the article commented that suggesting said cut on the budget could actually make minorities more exposed to pollution and toxic wastes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The article suggests that in order to alleviate this type of discrimination, Congressional oversight hearing should be conducted in order to examine the procedures followed by the agency, as well to review the policies issued by it. The article also suggested the implementation of the Inspector General’s recommendations as regards policy-making of the agency. Lastly, the author seeks to have an enactment of a law which will ensure enforcement of environmental justice issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is believed that the problem could be solved by first disseminating information as regards the subject matter. Through this, people will be aware of what is happening, how their rights are being affected, and how they could seek redress. By disseminating information, the process of government supervision and regulation will be more meticulous since the people affected can actually check if the actions of the government are to their favor and can actually solve the problem at hand. It is viewed that although government should take action in resolving this issue of discrimination in environmental location, the people actually affected should take part so that their opinions on the matter could properly be heard and considered. REFERENCE Robert Bullard, Paul Mohai, et.al.,â€Å"Toxic Wastes And Race At Twenty: 1987-2007 Grassroots Struggles to Dismantle Environmental Racism in the U.S.†, 2007, http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/TWARTreport.htm

Enhancement Of Computer Literacy In Primary Students Education Essay

Enhancement Of Computer Literacy In Primary Students Education Essay INTRODUCTION 1. Commencement of use of Information and Communication Technology have been re-engineering almost all the fields of human life from basic needs like communicating with friend living abroad to fundamental needs like education, health and governance. That is not only a technological evolution but also a social revolution that enforces the primary students, to discover new habits, innovative morals and production of new life systems, so that to adapt with global change in human culture and life style. Our education system also to be formulate to meet this concept and to be aligned with this new technology. Hence, the innovative distribution of Information Communication Technology (ICT) for education of primary students is becoming compulsive need since the professionalism is the backbone that could change the culture and the society in time to time towards create outstanding living condition expected by the people. 2. Today, it is extremely important that a primary student should be competent with coherence in the area of computers and technology. It is impossible to be successful in todays job market and high tech lifestyle, if our primary students are failed for timely educate as early as possible to suit the existing requirement to this subject. 3. The computer literacy is now an essential tool that all students must be familiar with in order to complete their routine studies and focusing for future job demand. Whatever our job; Teacher, Planner, Lawyer, Accountant or Salesperson; computer literacy are mandatory them to succeed. Primary students are also need to gain certain level of computer literacy in order to complete basic every day skills to face our future society. In Central Colleges in Sri Lanka most of the primary students are aware with computer studies but they have to use it in a way to achieve mandatory results need for join the future world and join the future community. 4. The use of the internet facility is highly required skill for students and they are to thoroughly master it definitely. Computer literacy and Internet are almost one; in the same thing usually one isnt mentioned without the other tagging along. Without the Internet, there would be no way to instantly find the name of a famous book your favorite writer was in five years ago. Primary students will need to be familiar with the Internet in all types of educational methods whether it is research on any topic or surfing for information. For this purpose primary students need to know what a search engine is and how it works, what a keyword is and how it works, how to open a browser and how to use a link, etc. The Internet is a huge wealth of information that every students should take advantage for gather information skills. There are web sites that will help primary students to find educational tours by posting their resume online. Online skills allow primary students to learn and share social, cultural, environmental facts of other countries, people and religions. Many secondary level students today are now getting their degree online in the comfort of their own homes on their own schedule. Its amazing how today with a couple of clicks, every student can go anywhere in the world in two, three seconds without leaving their computer. 5. Promotion of computer literacy is one of the most essential areas in education. The important role which it plays is intellectual, social, emotional and spiritual development of children. The students normally use sensory perceptions to know his immediate surroundings. It is automatically widens his vision. The computer literacy skills of students are not a one time experience. It is a continuous lifetime experience. It is accepted that a proper skills of Computer Literacy has to be inculcated and nurtured in the early years of age. 6. It must be distinguished as the ability to work with understanding and appreciation. In Sri Lanka computer is mostly a Information Communication Technological skill which is brought about by brute repetition of a given stimulus together with the appropriate response. It is a matter of some doubt whether all children have acquired the ability to learn in the genuine sense, by the time they have reached school leaving age. It needs at least four years to attain the computer skill and is it reasonable to expect these children who drop out after primary level to sustain that skill afterwards? Computer literacy is a not a severe complex process. It is an average simple skill which once learned, can be increased with referral to the Information Technological contented publications. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY AIM 1. This paper will emphasis and analyze why the children are not skilled in Computer Literacy and for examine the factors which determine computer literacy in children and what steps have to be taken for the enhancement of computer literacy and information technological skills in primary school children in Central Colleges in Sri Lanka. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2. It is required to study of Primary level students of Central Colleges computer literacy and the present environment to enhance their capabilities in computer literacy. In this research need to focus on their Computer educational system and clarify the difficulties and the to the mechanism that they required to strengthen the computer literacy, information technology aspects, as considering the future job opportunities that can be gained by primary students in Central Colleges Sri Lanka. 3. The question is at present scenario is ,the primary school students in Central Colleges in Sri Lanka have not been able to acquire the required standard of Computer literacy, and information technology to enhance their minimum skills required in Computer field. 4. This paper will identify and analyze why the Computer Literacy in primary students is dwindling, the factors which determine literacy and suggest recommendation for the promotion of mechanism that needs to enhance skills, knowledge in primary level students. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 5. Mechanism will be strengthening to face the future job demand. In this aspect is to be achieved in a way of researching experimental computer study of guidance in formulation with Government educational policies on Information Technology for enhancement of Computer Literacy of primary students in Central Colleges SCOPE OF STUDY The scope of this research focused on the primary students in Grade 1 to Grade 5, their teachers and principals are to extract their ideas by questionnaire and interviews. Also the research will analyze educational specialists personal views on what should be the background surrounding the primary school children to promote their Computer literacy. The anonymity of the researcher was maintained by asking questions from certain group heads and teachers under the name of a consented individual. The purpose was to eliminate biased answers which may be given as a result of the fact that the questions are presented by a known IT instructor. This is also to investigate any differences in response for the same questions based on computer literacy. This method is adopted as the topic is of sensitive nature and based entirely on individual attitudes. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 7. Data collection methods are as follows. a. Primary source. (1) Primary source of information were collected by interviewing IT educationists and heads of schools. (2) Further data collection done by a questionnaire prepared for the primary school students and their teachers. b. Secondary sources. Books, paper articles and websites used as the secondary sources of information. CHAPTER ORGANIZATION The thesis is structured as follows : a. CHAPTER I Introduction b. CHAPTER II Methodology CHAPTER III Computer Literacy of Primary Students in Central Colleges (1) Computer literacy introduction of primary students (2) Present literacy skills and IT environment of primary students CHAPTER IV Weather educational support and the required guidance and assistance will provide to enhance the computer literacy How teachers adopt educational method to improve computer literacy of students through policies of educational department. How the other aspects on infrastructure facilities given to improve on computer literacy of primary students (3) Enhancement of Computer literacy and IT Skills of Students i Learning interests of students ii Students interests in internet iii College IT Environment iv Teachers opinion about Computer literacy CHAPTER V Impact of Computer Literacy for primary students at Central Colleges and future Job demand at society (1). How the computer literacy help to increase job demand for future society (2). Increase job demands and the computer literacy as main educational aspects of needs in primary students. CHAPTER VI Reasons behind the inefficiency of present practices on computer studies of students. Why the basic computer needs cannot preserve the computer education at Central Colleges Present skills of students and personal interest on computer literacy of primary students. Education level of primary students in line with present technology changes behind computer educational systems. Awareness studies and competency of teachers on newly introduced software systems and theories on computer studies. Other aspects that can be used to increase the computer studies. The malfunction exist in routine and system stability on computer studies of students Advantages and disadvantages of utilizing adequate study hours for increase computer literacy. CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII j. CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER III LANGUAGE APTITUDE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN 1. Language is a process that helps people to express themselves and to make effective social relationship among people all over the world. It is through language that people could acquire information to improve their basic needs such as health habits, consciousness, scientific changes and different types of skills to earn a living. Piaget, the renowned physiologist believed that the real key to human intellectual development, conceptual development, is language. Language is the most effective mode of communication. The lack of language ability often hinders ones progress.  [1]  The language aptitude and literacy performance of the primary level indicates the standards of childrens reading habits and information skills. LANGUAGE LEARNING OUTCOME IN SRI LANKA 2. Sri Lanka has attained the first generation education objective of providing widespread access to primary education (grades 1-5). However one major challenge that the country has to overcome is the moderate level of learning achievement in language proficiency among primary school children.  [2]   3. According to recent studies carried out by NIE and NEREC, University of Colombo only between 35 to 38 per cent of primary school students have achieved standard level of their mother tongue (Annex B). This is a serious constraint to further learning, as all subsequent studies will draw on the childs mother tongue capability. 4. There is a considerable difference in the achievement of mastery level in their first language between urban and rural schools. According to the above studies more than 40 per cent of urban children achieve mastery level in their mother language contrast to below 34 per cent in rural areas. Also more than 1/3 of pupils have failed to achieve standard level for their mother language. This shows the dwindling of reading habits and information skills among primary school children. 5. The regional disparity in achieving mastery level in first language is clearly shown in Table III.I. 41.24 per cent of Western province Grade 5 students achieve mastery level in contrast to 42.40 percent in Uva province students have failed to achieve the required standard level. This shows how the availability of physical and human resources affects performance. Mastery = 80% 100% Non Mastery = 0 59% Table III.I Achieving mastery levels in literacy in Grade 5 by provincial levels Source Performance of Grade 5 students in literacy and numeracy NIE LITERACY SKILLS OF CHILDREN 5. According to the research project on development of language skills among primary school children carried out by NLDC (Annex C), the overall performance of Grade 2 pupils is satisfactory. There is hardly any disparity between districts or among school types. 6. The Grade 4 assessment revealed disparity in performance among the districts and between school types. AAVG level schools show highest performance while SS level schools show poor performance. These variations in performance pin-point the inequalities in distribution of learning and teaching facilities for the school subjects, particularly in language skills. 7. More than half of the number of pupils in the sample have not been able to attain the expected achievement level for the vocabulary synonyms/ antonyms, spelling and grammatical writing ability and creative wring skills for the Grade, after four years of schooling. This suggests that they are suffering from lack of reading habits.  [3]   CHAPTER IV READING INTERESTS AND INFORMATION SKILLS OF CHILDREN READING INTERESTS OF CHILDREN 1. There is no particular age at which a child should actually begin the process of learning to read. It should appeal to real activity, to spontaneous work based upon personal need and interest.  [4]  Children have an innate desire to know about their surroundings. As the child develops learning through sensory perception, he becomes more and more curious to understand his environment; what has happened and what is happening are his interests. 2. Children may come to understand an important part of their world through the experience of reading. They start to learn about reading in a natural and incidental way.  [5]  If a book satisfies childs needs, he will start reading it for pleasure. A child begins acquaintance with a book by looking at pictures. If the book catches his interest, he returns to the book again. Also he is being exposed to the printed word in the environment such as bus boards, various posters on the highway, road signs, labels of goods in the market, advertisements on television and newspapers. The child sees lots of words in his environment and tries to grasp them meaningfully. Therefore, most children have a form of awareness of the printed word.  [6]   3. According to the study it has clearly shown that children are interested in books, magazines, childrens papers and they have a thirst for information, knowledge and communication. This inbuilt desire and interest found in children has to be harnessed to improve their reading habits and information skills. As such it is the duty and responsibility of the parent, the teacher and the authorities to take the full use of it.  [7]   Table IV.I would like to spend my Table IV.II would like to spend my leisure time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.- Grade 2 leisure time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.- Grade 4 CHILDRENS INTERESTS IN MEDIA 4. The child gets motivated to read when he hears stories or when an adult reads aloud a story to him. Today the child could get this type of satisfaction through the mass media. When children watch television or listen to the radio, those programmes which are meant for children create awareness and need for reading and they could be made use of to develop reading habits and information skills. 5. As per the study it is revealed that Both Grade 2 and 4 childrens best television programme is cartoon stories. Most of children like to listen to songs and stories by radio. These interests could be made use of in varied ways to develop reading habits and information skills in the classroom and home. Table IV.V Interest on Television Table IV.VI Interest on Television Grade 2 Grade 4 Table IV.V Interest on Radio Table IV.VI Interest on Radio Grade 2 Grade 4 Table IV.I Grade 2 Table IV.II Grade 4 Childrens interests on childrens paper 6. Above two tables indicate that a very high percentage of children in all three districts read childrens papers. It was found that this is a habit developed by the good teachers of those schools by exchanging papers within the class, when those parents who could afford to buy papers for their children bring them to school. This high percentage suggests that if reading materials are made available to children, and then reading habits and information skills of primary school children could be definitely improved. CHAPTER V READING AND CHILDHOOD ENVIRONMENT 1. As a foundation for the development of reading habits and information skills, the four language skills listening, speaking, writing and reading has to be developed in the classroom and the home. The child should be able to read with ease and facility in order to develop reading as a habit. The first requisite for this is to gain ability to identify letters and words. Then the child has to read words and sentences to infer meaning and gain knowledge, information etc. This is a complex process.  [8]   2. Reading skills could develop only if reading materials are available. Non availability of suitable reading materials create serious limitations in developing reading habits. Hence the laying of foundation on a sound footing is the responsibility of the parent, the teacher and the school. SCHOOL BACKGROUND 3. A teaching-learning situation is significantly affected by the availability of building with sufficient number of classrooms, seating accommodation and furniture. Primary sections of some popular urban schools have more than 50 pupils in one classroom, which could accommodate only 40. This situation has resulted adversely. Neither the teacher nor the pupil could move about freely to give and receive individual attention.  [9]   4. The situation is worse in some schools where the classes are conducted in unpartitioned open halls. In such schools both teaching and learning has become drudgery and some teachers are force to conduct classes under the trees in the garden.  [10]   5. The teacher is the key factor in improving reading skills and habits in pupils when resources are sub standard. In those schools the teacher is the only source of learning. Out of the 25 teachers who supplied information through the questionnaire, 21 are primary education trained and 3 are trained graduates. However the response of head of the schools revealed that there are quite number of teachers who are not trained. The standard of education undoubtedly recedes when teachers are not trained for the profession. 6. Out of 15 schools exclusively primary education is given in only 5 schools. In those schools primary education is entirely managed by a Deputy Head. Of other 8 school primary heads three are trained five are graduates with post diploma. Academic professional status of the head of the school, his attitude toward improving the mother tongue, commitment to his profession, his support in providing reading materials and promoting reading habits is of significance in this context. 7. Out of 15 schools of the sample five schools do not posses libraries catering to the reading needs of primary school children. Out of the 10 school libraries three of them have 100 500 books. Three school libraries have less than 1000 books and two National schools in Colombo district and one National school in each other two districts have a wealth of 3000 or more books. The two schools in the sample which have a few books received as a donation complained that there are no storage facilities available for them even to keep them safely. Out of the 15 schools 7 schools do not buy even a single newspaper. In the mean time out of rest 8 schools only 5 schools buy childrens paper for the primary school children.  [11]   8. Except for the national schools librarians trained for the job are not available in the rest of the schools. In most of these schools a teacher from the staff helps in the library. In three schools a girl is employed for the work in the library paying a nominal fee. 9. This clearly displays the disparity between schools with sub standard resources and schools with above average standard resources. This fact substantiates the view presented earlier that the socio economic level at home and school affect achievement level of children. TEACHERS OPINION ABOUT READING 10. The response presented by the 25 teachers of the schools of the sample revealed that children are really interested in reading and teachers do their best to promote reading by managing classroom libraries under difficult situations. Each child in the classroom brings a story book at the beginning of the year. Sometimes teachers give the names of the list of story books. Also those who can afford to buy childrens paper bring them to the class. These books and papers are exchanged among the pupils. There by teachers help children to develop reading habits. Instead in some schools teachers get a few books, about thirty from the secondary school library and distribute them among children once a month or so. 11. Some teachers are of the opinion that the primary syllabuses contain far too much material for the year that they cannot complete and it is difficult for them to concentrate on developing the reading habits individually. There should be verity in the content of the curriculum to cater individual needs. Also they pointed out that Grade 2 and Grade 4 even Grade 5 text books do not motivate children to read as the stories do not awaken their feeling and curiosity. Stories do not create opportunities for children to think. Therefore the teachers say that children mechanically read by heart, even if they cannot identify letters, words or meaning of what they pretend to read. Therefore the authorities concerned have to be more cautious in the selection and grading curriculum and text book content. 12. Teachers also revealed that in addition to the scarcity of reading material, children of sub standard and average type schools suffer from other deficiencies such as socio economic conditions at home, large families, parents not been educated, their inability to realize the importance of reading. 13. Method of teaching plays an important role in learning situation. What was observed was teachers are more concerned with covering the syllabus, merely using general methods of teaching without thinking of special and innovative techniques and individual differences of learners. There is hardly any system of evaluating reading. Teachers do not seem to undertake feedback programmes and maintain record of it. Lack of teaching aids was observed in most of the schools and teachers depend only on Talk and Chalk. HOME BACKGROUND 14. Research done in western countries has revealed that success in reading had been achieved by children who were provided with plenty of opportunities for reading and access to books. Avid readers had stories read or told to them regularly by parents or grand parents.  [12]   15. Children read anything and everything they get hold of as they are interested in reading. If is therefore the duty of the adults to select suitable books for children, as they cannot discriminate between suitable books and books not suitable for them and evaluate them. 16. It is assumed that when family size is large, children do not get equal need satisfaction enjoyed by children of small families of the same income level. In the questionnaire the family size of pupils was divided in to two categories. a. Category 1 Number of family members four or less b. Category 2 Number of family members five or more Table V.I Indicating family size 17. According to the table V.I in Colombo district smaller sized families percentage is higher than other two districts. This factor seemed to have affected the achievement performance of children, as it is apparent from the highest ML percentage in Colombo district. 18. Parental support in supplying reading materials such as books, papers and magazines undoubtedly helped development of childrens reading habits and information skills. This in turn is conditioned by the socio economic status of parents. Table V.II Table V.III indicate the number of books Grade 2 and Grade 4 children posses is quite eloquent of this factor. Table V.II No. of books children posses for supplementary reading Grade 2 Table V.III No. of books children posses for supplementary reading Grade 4 19. The table V.II shows 10 per cent of Grade 2 pupils in Colombo district have more than 10 books for extra reading while other two districts children have below 10 books. Also the table V.III indicates 54 per cent of Grade 4 pupils in Colombo district have more than 10 books for extra reading while other two districts it is below by 36 per cent. This factor also seemed to have affected the achievement performance of children, as it is apparent from the highest ML percentage in Colombo district. 20. The names of books read by pupils indicate that they read whatever those come in their way, they have no choice. They read anything and everything they get hold of as they are interested in reading. It is therefore, the duty of the adults to select suitable books for children as they cannot discriminate between suitable books and books not suitable for them and evaluate them. Daily % Sundays % Sometimes % Never % Kandy 12.9 40.5 35.3 11.2 Kalutara 19.5 34.5 32.7 13.3 Colombo 22.4 41.3 28.4 7.8 Total % 18.2 38.8 32.2 10.7 Table V.IV Houses that buy newspapers Grade 4 21. 10.7 per cent of the overall sample of childrens parents do not buy a newspaper. However 38.8 per cent of the sample buy Sunday newspapers. This may be due to the fact that other form of mass media like the television and radio are being sought after for enjoyment and getting information. Thereby a good opportunity that the parents could offer in motivating the child to develop his habit of reading is neglected. It is only a very poor percentage of parents buy newspapers daily. Even in Colombo district 22.4 per cent of the sample only buy newspapers daily. It may have been caused by two factors. It may be due to lack of money or of time to read papers. Whatever it is, if the parents could afford to buy newspapers daily it would be a motivation for the child to read and improve their information skills. CHAPTER VI SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 1. More than 1/3 of primary school pupils have failed to achieve standard level for their mother language. 2. Most of Grade 2 pupils have acquired the language skills satisfactorily. 3. a. More than 50 per cent of pupils have not acquired the language skills expected for the grade, at the end of the year. b. Performance of Grade 4 pupils in vocabulary synonyms/ antonyms, spelling and grammatical writing ability and creative wring skills are very poor. 4. There is a marked disparity in achievement of language skills among districts and between school types. 5. There is no equitable provision of physical and human resources available in schools as yet for the promotion of reading habits and information skills. 6. Most of the primary schools of the sample do not posses libraries. Lack of suitable reading materials, librarians, varied kinds of books, a large quantity of books of quality to cater to varied needs and interests of primary children are found to be obstacles which stand in the way of development of reading habits and information skills. 7. The curriculum, text books and methods of teaching do not seem to suit the changed society of the modern day and it will not provide any encouragement to children for the improvement of reading habits. 8. The parental support and encouragement at home is not enough for the children to develop reading habits and information skills. 9. Family size the and the socio economic status of parents affect to the development of reading habits and information skills of children. 10. Children are interested in books, magazines, childrens papers and they have a thirst for information, knowledge and communication. CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION 1. Reading is one of the most important components of language. It is a basic tool subject especially in primary school. Reading helps to learn all the other areas of the school curriculum and provides vital means of learning. Reading is believed as a process of acquiring information, receiving a massage from a print in a meaningful way. 2. Reading is of greatest significance to the educationist because it is their responsibility to guide the child to develop his total personality for the welfare of the individual child and for the welfare of the entire society and also because it is the right of the child to be literate. It is important for children to read good books and develop their reading habits and information skills, in order to grow physically and mentally. Good reading habits are necessary for a healthy intellectual growth. 3. It is a matter of some doubt whether all children have acquired the ability to read in the genuine sense, by the time they have reached school leaving age. Teacher influence, home background and book provision hold the key to an improvement in reading. The main objective of carrying out this study was to find out the reason for deficiency in readi

This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff Essay -- Character Analysis

The book â€Å"This Boy’s Life† by Tobias Wolff is a memoir written about the author’s childhood memories and experiences. The author shows many different characters within the book. Many of them are just minor character that does not affect the author much in his life choices and thoughts throughout his growth. But there are some that acts as the protagonist and some the antagonist. One of them is Dwight, the protagonist’s or Jack’s stepfather. This character seems to be one of the characters that inhibit Jack’s choices and decisions. This character plays a huge role in Jack’s life as it leaves a huge scar in his memory. The author here spends the majority of time in this character in the memoir to show the readers the relationship between Jack and Dwight. There are several â€Å"masks† that Dwight wears to hide his true intention towards Jack and Rosemary. One of the most obvious times is when during the approval seeking moment where Dwight threatened and instilled fear in Jack by driving dangerously and swerving his car intentionally. Dwight here wants to show Jack that he is in complete control of Jack and Rosemary’s life. To forewarn Jack about his future decisions and implication, Dwight intentionally puts on a mask of â€Å"malice.† This proves to be advantageous for Dwight as Jack finally succumbs toward Dwight’s threats and corners Jack to approve his mother’s marriage to Dwight. Later on, Dwight and Jack started painting their house where white paint is used as a primary paint supposedly to symbolize purity and a new start towards Jack’s new life. But this also had an alternate mask covering the false positive pretense. It shows to the reader that Dwight may be covering the true rotten, ill and malice with white paint. Even with w... ...s violence and his bad attitudes as a safety precaution on Dwight’s future behaviors. In the end, readers will get a sense of disapproval on Dwight due to many presentations of â€Å"evil† and â€Å"malice† towards Jack. This may be the deceitful nature of Dwight towards both Jack and Rosemary, or the many tortures that Jack encounters while living with Dwight. In the end, there is a conclusion that points toward a relationship that is based on hatred and a kind of necessity need for both characters to one another as Dwight needs Jack for Rosemary’s love and Jack needs Dwight for Rosemary’s security in life. It is not a relationship desired by Jack as he finally says â€Å"We hated each other. We hated each other so much that other feelings didn’t get enough light. It disfigured me† (Wolff 232), and â€Å"I left Chinook without a thought for the years I’d lived there.† (Wolff 234),

Comparing the Creatures and Crew in Moby Dick :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Similarities Between Creatures and Crew in Moby Dick      When looking at the cycle of life one sees that creatures usually hunt others that are opposited from themselves. The relationship between cat and mouse is the apotheosis ot this idea, a classic case of one preying on the other where the two are looked upon as complete opposites. In Herman Melville's "Moby Dick" the whalers are hunting down the white whale. So according to my statement above this should make the crew members of the "Pequod" the absolute negation of Moby Dick. At first glance, maybe it seems this way, but in actuality the two are very similar. From the moment the crew members choose to embark on their voyage they become more like creatures of the sea than land dwellers. As the story evolves, the reader begins to uncover more and more similarities between the creatures on board the vessel, and those of the ocean. On top of this, as the characters progress and become more similar to their fellow ocean dwellers, they begin to actually show character traits similar to tha t of Moby Dick himself.    Before affiliating the crew aboard the ship with Moby Dick, there are some comparisons to be made between them and ocean inhabitants in general. While living in the ocean environment the men begin to acquire the same survival techniques as some of the organisms in the ocean. The manner in which the whalers go about slaughtering the whales is much like the way that the sharks react to the whale carcass being held stagnate in the water. "....because such incalculable hosts of sharks gather round the moored carcass, that were he left so for six hours, say, on a stretch, little more that the skeleton would be visible by mornong"(Melville 328). These sharks are savages in the face of sustenance. In most cases the sheer size of the whale prohibits it from being captured and consumed by the sharks. The only chance that they have at these huge beasts is when they are slung along side the whaling ships. Once they have their opening to this plethora of meat it becomes a barbaric feeding frenzy . These actions of the sharks reflect the actions of the whalers when taking part in the slaying of a whale. "Soon ranging up by his flank, Stubb, firmly planting his knee in the clumsy cleat, darted dart after dart into the flying gish.

The Web of Knowledge Essay -- Philosophy Papers

The Web of Knowledge Great theorist and philosophers such as the stoics, skeptics, Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hume, Berkeley, Kant, Bertrand Russell, Darwin, Freud, and all of 20th century science have struggled with the question what is knowledge? and can we have knowledge? "To know" and "knowledge" are potent concepts and before taking Text and Critics, I took it for granted that I had knowledge of what knowledge is. Then came a simple question. After reading The American Scholar, I recall the class being asked "how is nature related to knowledge?" I didn't have an answer. But more importantly, before I could answer the former, I realized I didn't "know" what knowledge is. How could it be that I had never considered one of the most important philosophical questions asked of mankind--what can we know and what is knowledge? There have been many different views about knowledge, but none of the major philosophers, perhaps because knowledge is such a potent concept and its understanding is assumed to be self evident, have explained what knowledge is. For example, I have here some views with knowledge but no definition of knowledge: Chuang-Tzu, the old Chinese sage and poet said: "Once I dreamed I was a butterfly, and now I no longer know whether I am Chuang-Tzu, who dreamed I was a butterfly, or whether I am a butterfly dreaming that I am Chuang-Tzu." Black Elk, the Lakota moralist, told John Neihardt: "That is the real world that is behind this one, and everything we see or hear is something like a shadow from that world." So, too, was it for Plato. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote in The American Scholar : "We all know, that as the human body can be nourished on any food, though it were boiled grass ... ...rowning in information and starved for knowledge --Unknown "By necessity, by proclivity, and by delight we all quote. In fact it is as difficult to appropriate the thoughts of others as it is to invent." --Ralph Waldo Emerson References Neihardt, John. 1961. Black Elk Speaks . Lincoln and London, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Confucius. 1989. The Analects of Confucius. New York: Vintage Books, A division of Random House, Inc. Gaarder, Jostein. 1996. Sophie's World, A Novel About the History of Philosophy. New York: Berkeley Books. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The American Scholar. Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics. Custom Course Packet. Plato.1984. The Great Dialogues of Plato. New York, New York: Mentor. Quotes not from text T&C text, above, or otherwise mentioned are from: http://www. starlingtech.com/quotes/qsearch.cgi The Web of Knowledge Essay -- Philosophy Papers The Web of Knowledge Great theorist and philosophers such as the stoics, skeptics, Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hume, Berkeley, Kant, Bertrand Russell, Darwin, Freud, and all of 20th century science have struggled with the question what is knowledge? and can we have knowledge? "To know" and "knowledge" are potent concepts and before taking Text and Critics, I took it for granted that I had knowledge of what knowledge is. Then came a simple question. After reading The American Scholar, I recall the class being asked "how is nature related to knowledge?" I didn't have an answer. But more importantly, before I could answer the former, I realized I didn't "know" what knowledge is. How could it be that I had never considered one of the most important philosophical questions asked of mankind--what can we know and what is knowledge? There have been many different views about knowledge, but none of the major philosophers, perhaps because knowledge is such a potent concept and its understanding is assumed to be self evident, have explained what knowledge is. For example, I have here some views with knowledge but no definition of knowledge: Chuang-Tzu, the old Chinese sage and poet said: "Once I dreamed I was a butterfly, and now I no longer know whether I am Chuang-Tzu, who dreamed I was a butterfly, or whether I am a butterfly dreaming that I am Chuang-Tzu." Black Elk, the Lakota moralist, told John Neihardt: "That is the real world that is behind this one, and everything we see or hear is something like a shadow from that world." So, too, was it for Plato. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote in The American Scholar : "We all know, that as the human body can be nourished on any food, though it were boiled grass ... ...rowning in information and starved for knowledge --Unknown "By necessity, by proclivity, and by delight we all quote. In fact it is as difficult to appropriate the thoughts of others as it is to invent." --Ralph Waldo Emerson References Neihardt, John. 1961. Black Elk Speaks . Lincoln and London, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Confucius. 1989. The Analects of Confucius. New York: Vintage Books, A division of Random House, Inc. Gaarder, Jostein. 1996. Sophie's World, A Novel About the History of Philosophy. New York: Berkeley Books. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The American Scholar. Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics. Custom Course Packet. Plato.1984. The Great Dialogues of Plato. New York, New York: Mentor. Quotes not from text T&C text, above, or otherwise mentioned are from: http://www. starlingtech.com/quotes/qsearch.cgi

Greatest Contribution of the Third Republic of the Philippine Presidents

Greatest Contribution of The third Republic of the Philippine Presidents Manuel A. Roxas First presidentf the Republic of the Philippines. A lawyer, he began his political career in 1917. An advocate for Philippine independence from the U. S. , he was a member of the convention that drew up a constitution under the revised Philippine Independence and Commonwealth Act (Tydings-McDuffie Act; 1934). He collaborated with the pro-Japanese administration during World War II but was defended in postwar trials by Gen.Douglas MacArthur. He became president of the Philippines when independence was achieved (1946). Roxas obtained rehabilitation funds from the U. S. but was forced to allow the U. S. to maintain military bases and make other major concessions. His government was marred by corruption and police brutality, setting the stage for the Hukbalahap Rebellion. Elpidio Quirino His six years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased ec onomic aid from the United States.Basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved, and his administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption. Ramon Magsaysay As president, he was a close friend and supporter of the United States and a vocal spokesman against communism during the Cold War. He led the foundation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization also known as the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defend South East Asia, South Asia and the Southwestern Pacific from communism. He was also known for his integrity and strength of character.During his term, he made Malacanang Palace literally a â€Å"house of the people†, opening its gates to the public. Carlos Garcia During his administration, he acted on the Bohlen–Serrano Agreement which shortened the lease of the US Bases from 99 years to 25 years and made it renewable after every five years. He also exercised the Filipino First Policy, for which he was known. This p olicy heavily favored Filipino businessmen over foreign investors. He was also responsible for changes in retail trade which greatly affected the Chinese businessmen in the country.Diosdado Macapagal During his presidency, the Philippines enjoyed prosperity and was the second most developed country in the Asian region, next only to Japan and ahead of the future tiger economies of Asia such as Singapore, Taiwan, and Korea. Allowed the Philippine peso to float on the free currency exchange market. abolition of tenancy and accompanying land reform program in the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 which underscored his endeavor to fight mass poverty. Ferdinand MarcosDuring his first term he had made progress in agriculture, industry, and education. Yet his administration was troubled by increasing student demonstrations and violent urban-guerrilla activities. Initially, he had a good record as president and the Filipinos expected him to be one of the best. However, conditions changed in later years and his popularity with the people started diminishing. Proclaimed Martial Law. Corazon Aquino Despite the euphoria following the overthrow of the Marcos government, Aquino faced the massive challenge of restoring the nation.She established a revolutionary government under the terms of a provisional â€Å"Freedom Constitution†, legally establishing the structure of the government pending the adoption of a permanent, democratically-drafted constitution. Fidel Ramos The first few years of his administration (1992-1995) were characterized by economic boom, technological development, political stability and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people. During his administration, Ramos began implementing economic reforms intended to open up the once-closed national economy, encourage private enterprise, invite more foreign and domestic investment, and reduce corruption.Joseph Estrada Idolized by the poor, he campaigned on a combination of policies that are both market-friendly and designed to reduce widespread poverty in a population of 70 million. Gloria Arroyo Arroyo, a practicing economist, has made the economy the focus of her presidency. Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families. Benigno Aquino iiiDespite having the privilege of using ‘wang-wang’, Aquino maintained he would set the example for his no ‘wang-wang’ policy, not to use ‘wang-wang’, even if it means being stuck in traffic and being late every now and then. Executive Order No. 5 prevents special envoys from using the title â€Å"ambassadorAquino also ordered the Department of Health (DOH) to support and assist all regional hospitals and health centers and intensify their efforts to attend to the needs of dengue–inflicted patientsOn September 2 , 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. , extending the duration of the operations of the Presidential Middle East Preparedness Committee (PMEPC) to December 30, 2010[ On September 8, 2010, Aquino signed Executive Order No. 7, ordering the suspension of all allowances, bonuses and incentives of board members of government-owned and-controlled corporations (GOCCs) and government financial institutions (GFIs) until December 31, 2010

World Cultures Midterm: Confucius Analects

Confucius' program of study envisions some kind of political or social service. The study he encourages has two aspects: intellectual development and character building, in an effort to make an ideal role model that he calls the junzi. Construct a career path for Confucius' junzi indicating his proper roles in society. The path of the Confucian Junzi is interminable and strenuous. It is a life only for the hard working and self-reflective. â€Å"The sage and the man of perfect virtue;—how dare I rank myself with them? It may simply be said of me, that I strive to be one such without satiety†(7. 3); even the teacher of the ways of the Junzi knows that the path being a Junzi is never ending and that he has much more to learn. Confucius encourages his students to devote their lives to social and public service. He strives to develop his students intellectually and morally; to attain the wisdom and the virtue of a Junzi through practice of proper social conduct and exercise of traditional rituals. A person plays many roles in a lifetime and for every role comes different authorities and responsibilities. The main roles of a Confucian Junzi’s life are that of a student, son, and a attendant to the state/society.The first job of a Junzi is to be a filial son. The Junzi should attend to his elders, respect his parents wishes and earnestly follow the way path of his father: â€Å" If the son for three years does not alter from the way of his father, he may be called filial†(4. 20). If he possesses the position as the head of the family, the Junzi should regulate his home through example of virtue and benevolence. Family organization is the basis for the structure of the state and the government—one who cannot preside over a family is a poor leader and cannot regulate a country.A Junzi need not come for a wealthy home or a family of noble decent; Confucius did not discriminate between those rich or poor—he took all those willing to learn and work as his student. The Junzi works to intellectually grow with the experiences he has gained and has a never-ending appetite for knowledge. â€Å"When a man is not in the habit of saying—‘ what shall I think of this? What shall I think of this? ’ I can indeed do nothing with him†(15. 15). He should form questions and insights to everyday occurrences and not avoid what he does not know or is afraid of.A student is to gain knowledge not only from his studies but also from occurrences and people around him. He will use his learnings to service the state and will not venture to make profit or seek immediate gain. Honor and nobility should be gained through merit and virtue and not through bloodline. As an attendant to the state, the Junzi will rise to a position in court (either through recommendation for his good moral conduct or through proving himself worthy through civil servant exams) and be loyal to his country and ruler. The scholar trai ned for public duty, seeing threatening danger, is prepared to sacrifice his life. When the opportunity of gain is present to him, he thinks of righteousness†(19. 1). The Junzi will continue to cultivate himself morally and intellectually—to set apart what is right and wrong and to act as a role model. He tries to bring out the admirable qualities in other men and aid them in becoming a superior man. If the Junzi’s services are no long needed at court, he will then devote his life to teaching students the virtue of a righteous man.He will greet others with benevolence and preach the rule of reciprocity: â€Å"what you do not want done to yourself do not do to others†(15. 23). â€Å"The master said, of Tsze-Ch’an that he had four characteristics of the superior man;—in his conduct of himself, he was humble; in serving his superiors, he was respectful; in nourishing the people, he was kind; in ordering the people, he was just†(5. 15). Wh ether the Junzi is student, a court official/ faithful subject to the country or a filial son, becoming a superior man is a lifelong progression that never stops.

Financial Performance of Dell Incorporation

The net profit derived from every $100 of sales revenue of Dell Incorporation is lower than that of Hewlett Packard Company. This implies that Dell Incorporation charges either a lower selling price or that the company is less efficient in its operations. However, the return on assets and return on equity of Dell Incorporation are far better than those of the other firm. The return on equity computer under the DuPont Analysis is also in favor of Dell Incorporation, whose ratio exceeds that of Hewlett Packard Company by 8%.A high percentage in such financial ratios is always desirable, namely return on assets because it implies that the profitability of the company is substantially safe from unseen changes in the external business environment, like new competitive measures, economic slowdown and more With respect to the utilization of the firm’s fixed assets, Dell Incorporation holds supremacy on such facet when compared with Hewlett Packard Company. The skill in generating sal es from the fixed assets was outstanding for Dell Incorporation in comparison to the other corporation.A sound growth of 27. 18% is also noted in the earnings estimate of the company. This sheds further positive light on Dell Incorporation financial performance. 1. 1 Financial Position of Dell Incorporation The ability of the current assets and most liquid asset to cover the current liabilities is also in favor of Dell Incorporation. This is due to a higher current and quick ratio for such company. Dell Incorporation also portrays a better working capital management both in terms of accounts receivable and inventory.This is due to a higher receivable and inventory turnover. A high receivables turnover ratio indicates that the ability of the company to attain the cash receipts from debtors is good either by effective credit control policies or appropriate maintenance of cash sales. A high inventory turnover shows a good capability in selling inventory. 1. 2 Financial Stability of Del l Incorporation The percentage of total assets financed through debt is lower for Dell Incorporation than the other company as shown by the total debt to total assets ratio.This is a positive element for the financial stability of the organization. In addition, the gearing of Dell Incorporation is lower as indicated by the debt to equity ratio. Lower debt is normally a desirable element because debt finance encompasses higher financial commitments and thus holds greater risk. In practice, normally a debt crisis occurs when an organization fails to pay the interest due on time. Shareholders can wait one year or two without dividends but debt holds do not.Indeed in such instances firms normally face high risk of bankruptcy. The lower debt finance of Dell Incorporation thus mitigates the low interest coverage when compared to the other firm. This ratio evaluates the corporation’s stability in terms of profits generated by the firm and not its capital structure as performed by th e gearing ratio. High interest coverage is normally desirable for high-geared companies. Further more, the leverage of Dell Incorporation is better than the other firm thus further highlighting a sound financial stability.1. 3 Concluding Remark – Investment Decision on Dell Incorporation A good financial health has been noted for Dell Incorporation both in terms of profitability, liquidity and stability when compared with the other company. Indeed supremacy was noted in some areas, such as working capital management. In this respect, it is advisable to buy more stock in the company, since positive prospects are envisaged if the firm will continue to be managed with the same pace.